Manitou cavesnail
Antrorbis breweri Hershler & Thompson, 1990
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Animalia |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Mollusca |
| Class | Gastropoda |
| Order | Littorinimorpha |
| Family | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus | Antrorbis |
| Species | Antrorbis breweri Hershler & Thompson, 1990 |
Synonyms
- Antrobia breweri Hershler & F.G. Thompson, 1990 [orth. error] (prior combination, CoL)
Description
Diagnostic characters
- Ecological class
- Stygobiont
- Realm
- Aquatic
- Troglomorphy
- Troglomorphic
- Maximum length
- 1.5-1.7 (diameter) mm
Distribution
Type locality
Manitou Cave, DeKalb Co. AL
Range
Known from two counties in Alabama in the Appalachians karst region.
Continent
North America
Country
United States
States and provinces
Alabama
Counties
- Alabama
- De Kalb, DeKalb
Karst regions
Appalachians
Genetics
Molecular resources
| Marker | Molecule | Sequences | Length | Exemplar |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COI | mitochondrial | 1 | 658-658 bp | MN366029.1 |
1 sequence, retrieved 23 August 2026. Counts change as sequences are deposited. Search GenBank.
Download all 1 sequence records (CSV) Accession, marker, molecule type, length, GenBank definition and a direct link.
Specimens
Type material
- Holotype
- USNM 860429 · National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
- Paratype
- 135984-Mollusca · Florida Museum of Natural History
- Paratype
- USNM 860430 · National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
Collections holding material
| Institution | Lots |
|---|---|
| National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution | 6 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History | 1 |
7 cataloged lots in 2 collections. Compiled from GBIF and not an exhaustive census: many collections are not yet digitised, and holdings are added continually. Search GBIF for specimen records.
Download all 7 specimen records (CSV) Institution, catalog number, type status and preparation. No coordinates.
Conservation and management
IUCN Red List
VU Vulnerable B1+2c
Assessed in 2000.
NatureServe
G1 Critically Imperiled
Global rank last reviewed 16 October 2008.
Subnational ranks
- Alabama
- S1 Critically Imperiled
Ranks looked up 23 August 2026. Conservation status changes, and a rank here is as current as that date and no more.
State and federal status
Not listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Other resources
References
- Gladstone, N.S., Niemiller, M.L., Hutchins, B., Schwartz, B., Czaja, A., Slay, M.E. & Whelan, N.V. 2022. Subterranean freshwater gastropod biodiversity and conservation in the United States and Mexico. Conservation Biology 36: e13722. doi:10.1111/cobi.13722
- Gladstone, N.S., Perez, K.E., Pieper, E.B., Carter, E.T., Dooley, K.E., Shoobs, N.F., Engel, A.S. & Niemiller, M.L. 2019. A new species of stygobitic snail in the genus Antrorbis Hershler & Thompson, 1990 (Gastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Appalachian Valley and Ridge of eastern Tennessee, USA. ZooKeys 898: 103–120. doi:10.3897/zookeys.898.46917
- Hershler, R. 1985. Systematic revision of the Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda, Rissoacea) of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico. Malacologia 26: 31–123. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13134858. details
- Hershler, R. & Longley, G. 1986. Phreatic hydrobiids (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) from the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer region, south-central Texas. Malacologia 27: 127–172. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/11313/iz_HershlerLongley1986a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. details
- Hershler, R. & Thompson, F.G. 1990. Antrorbis breweri, a new genus and species of hydrobiid cavesnail (Gastropoda) from Coosa River basin, northeastern Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103: 197–204. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/11322. details
- Hubricht, L. 1940. A subterranean snail from an artesian well. Nautilis 54: 34–35. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8519181. details
- Johnson, P.D. & Garner, J.T. 2017. Manitou Cavesnail Antrorbis breweri Hershler and Thompson, 1990. In: Shelton-Nix, E. (ed), Alabama Wildlife, Volume 5, p. 23. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA.
- Kabat, A.R. & Hershler, R. 1993. The prosobranch snail family Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissooidea): review of classification and supraspecific taxa. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 547: 1–94. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/5560/SCtZ-0547-Lo_res.pdf. details
- Miller, B.V. 2020. The use of dye-tracing studies to delineate the recharge area for Manitou Cave in northwestern Alabama. 2019 National Cave and Karst Management Symposium Proceedings, Bristol, Virginia, 7–11 October 2019: 56–74.
- Miller, B.V. 2021. Recharge area delineation for Manitou Cave, DeKalb County, Alabama. U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, October 19–20, 2021. Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5019: 82.
- Stein, C.B. 1976. Gastropods. In: Boshung, H. (ed), Endangered and threatened plants and animals of Alabama. Alabama Museum of Natural History Bulletin 2, pp. 21–41. Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA.
- Thompson, F.G. 1975. Final report on the endangered/threatened mollusk species of streams of the Coastal Plain region of southeastern United States. Report to the Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Department of Interior, Washington, DC, USA.
This account was last revised 28 August 2026. Conservation ranks were looked up 23 August 2026.
How to cite this account
Data sources and funding are listed in the Acknowledgments.
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